Unit+7-+Naming+Compounds


 * __Naming Compunds__

Straight Chain Hydrocarbons**

Straight chain hydrocarbons are molecules containing hydrogen and carbon only. There are three types of straight chain hydrocarbons; alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, differing in thier quantity of bonds and thier ratios. Alkanes are the most simplest of the three containing carbon and hydrogen arranged on a line. Butane is an example of an alkane. Alkanes have a fixed C : H ratio of C(x)H(2x+2). Alkenes are the second type of straight chain hydrocarbons. Like alkanes they contain only carbon and hydrogen and are arranged on a line.The only difference is that alkenes have double bonds instead of one single bond like alkanes. Also a difference is the C : H ratio of C(x)H(2x).An example of an alkene is propene. Alkaynes are the last type of straight chain hydrocarbons like alkanes and alkenes, alkaynes contain carbon and hydrogen only and are arranged on a line. What sets alkaynes apart from alkenes and alkanes is that they have a triple bond and a C : H ratio of C(x)H(2x-2). Octayne is an example of an alkayne.


 * Alkanes**[[image:http://www.sciencegeek.net/APchemistry/APtaters/graphics/alkanes/alkane33.gif width="207" height="190" caption="alkane33.gif"]][[image:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/gcsechem_72.gif]]
 * Alkanes**[[image:http://www.sciencegeek.net/APchemistry/APtaters/graphics/alkanes/alkane33.gif width="207" height="190" caption="alkane33.gif"]][[image:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/gcsechem_72.gif]]


 * Alkenes**
 * Alkyne**

Each hydrocarbon can be split into 2 parts. Prefix:
 * Hydrocarbons**
 * Meth= 1 carbon
 * Eth= 2 carbon
 * Pro= 3 Carbon
 * But= 4 carbon
 * Penta= 5 carbon
 * Hexa= 7 carbon
 * Octa= 8 carbon
 * Nona= 9 carbon
 * Deca= 10 carbon

Sufix:
 * -ane= alkane
 * -ene= alkene
 * -yne= alkyne

An example would be methane:
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Methane-2D.svg/568px-Methane-2D.svg.png width="122" height="126"]]

Branched Chain Hydrocarbons** Steps to naming branched chain alkanes:
 * 1) Count the number of carbons in the longest continual chain. This is the parent chain, use the name of the straight chain alkane with that number of carbons.
 * 2) Number the carbons in the chain starting with the end closest to the substituent group (the branch). (The substituent group has to be the lowest possible number).
 * 3) Name the alkyl group substituent. The name and location of the substituent group is placed before the parent chain's name. The suffix -yl is added to the organic substituent.
 * 4) If there is more than one substituent group (branch), use the prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. before the substituent name. It also needs a number to indicate its location as well.
 * 5) If there is more than one substituent group, then they are named in alphabetical order.
 * 6) Write the name of the compound separated by hyphens.


 * Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties**
 * To indicate that a hydrocarbon has a ring structure, use the prefix cyclo-
 * Cyclic compounds can have rings of 3, 4, 5, 6 or more
 * To indicate the number of carbons in the ring, use standard organic prefixes (meth, eth, prop, pent,...); ion front of that prefix use cyclo-
 * Example: //cyclo//hexane- a six membered ring structure


 * Naming Substituents on Cycloalkanes**
 * You do not need to locate the parent chain because we assume that the ring structure is the parent chain
 * Since there is no beggining or end to the chain, start numbering at the first substituent
 * If there are more than two substituents, number them in a way that results in the lowest number possible


 * Functional Groups **
 * Functional groups are special groups attached to an organic molecule that will specify a particular class of organic molecule
 * Use the convention "R" to specify an arbitrary organic portion of a moleclue; this can represent any number of carbons and hydrogen's in any arrangement, the important feature is the functional group

(X=F, Cl, Br, etc.) || Halogen (Group VII) ||  || hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom. || oxygen atom bonded with two carbon atoms. || their parent chain, following the general formula. || R-**C=O** || Carbonyl (C=O) ||  || R-C=O || Carbonyl ||  || R-C=O || Carboxyl and hydroxyl || Any orgainic molecule with carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group. || R-C=O || Ester (carbonyl+ether) || An ester is a product of an alcohol and carboxylic acid; when they combine, a water and ester are produced (this type of dehydration). || R-C=O || Amino (carbonyl+amine) ||  || For practice with functional groups go to http://www.chempractice.com/drills/java_fGroups.php Draw and give the formula.
 * **__Type__** || **__Formula__** || **__Functional Group__** || __**Description**__ ||
 * Halocarbon || R__**-X**__
 * Alcohol || R**__-OH__** || Hydroxyl || An Alcohol is an organic compound in which a
 * Ether || R**__-O-__**R || Ester || An ester is n orgainic compound containing an
 * Amine || R-NH 2 || Amino || This type of orgainic molecule contians nitrogen in
 * Aldehyde || **H**
 * Ketone || R
 * Carboxylic Acid || OH
 * Ester || O-R
 * Amide || H-N-R
 * Problems**
 * 1) Cyclononane
 * 2) Cyclopentane
 * 3) Cyclopropane

Draw and name the following.
 * 1) A seven member ring structure.
 * 2) A five member ring structure.
 * 3) A ten sided ring structure.
 * 4) A three sided ring structure.

Draw and name the following.
 * 1) An eight membered ring with two ethyl groups attached sequentialy.


 * __Alcohols__**
 * organic compound
 * hydrogen atoms are replaced with a hydroxyl group.
 * an example of an alcohol is ethanol.

Ethanol is a two carbon alcohol. It is useful for killing germs, being added to gasoline, and is the the starting material for the synthesis of more complex organic compounds, as well as being a main ingredient in most medical products and alcoholic drinks.
 * Ethanol**